India covers a large area and contains a significant amount of the Earth’s biodiversity. It is home to the largest human population on Earth and also supports a rapidly growing economy. This special feature takes stock of the range and urgency of environmental challenges faced by India and brings to light some of the important and far-reaching applied ecological research being done there. Edited by S. van Nouhuys and S. Bagchi. See: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com